CLASS 12TH BIOLOGY CHAPTER- 3 HUMAN REPRODUCTION NCERT QUICK REVISION NOTES FOR NEET AND CBSE EXAM

CHAPTER 3: HUMAN REPRODUCTION
Male and female reproductive systems; microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary; gametogenesis spermatogenesis and oogensis; menstrual cycle; fertilization, embryo development upto blastocyst formation, implantation; pregnancy and placenta formation (elementary idea): parturition (elementary idea): lactation (elementary idea).
¶ Blastula: A stage of embryogenesis which comes after morula and has a hollow fluid filled space called blastocoel. 
¶ Gestation Period: A period between fertilisation of ovum and the birth of a baby. 
¶ Implantation: Fixing of embryo/fertilised egg in uterus. It leads to pregnancy.
¶ Menarche: The beginning of first menstruation in female on attaining puberty.
¶ Menopause: Permanent ceasation of menstrual cycle female. It occurs between the age 45 to 50 years in human female. 
¶ Ovulation: Process of release of mature ovum (Secondary oocyte) from the ovary. 
¶ Parturition: Process of delivery of the foetus (Child birth), through birth canal.
¶ Puberty: A stage at which immature reproductive system of boy or girl becomes mature. Period of puberty is 10-14 years in girls and 13-16 years in boys. 
¶ Spermiogenesis: Transformation of spermatids into sperms.
¶ Spermiation: A process by which spermatozoa are released from the seminiferous tubules.
¶ Spermatogenesis: Process of formation of sperm from male germ cell in the testes.
¶ Colostrum: The fluid secreted by mammary glands soon after birth is called colostrum. It contains proteins, lactose and antibodies (e.g.IgA). This provides nutrition and help the new born baby to develop resistance for healthy development.
¶ Ootid (Ovum): A haploid cell formed by meiotic division of a secondary oocyte, especially the ovum, as distinct from the polar bodies. 
¶ Cleavage The mitotic division in which the zygote undergoes to form morula and then blastocyst.
¶ Insemination: The process in which the male transfers the sperms into the genital tract of the female.
¶ Leydig Cells: (Interstitial Cells)-Present in connective tissue outside the seminiferous tubules. They are endocrine in nature and produce androgens e.g. testosterone. 
¶ Sertoli Cells (nurse cells): Present in the lumen of the seminiferous tubules. They provide nutrition and help in differentiation of cells undergoing spermatogenesis. They also secrete ABP (Androgen Binding Proteins) and inhibin.

ACCESSORY MALE GENITAL GLANDS:
¶ Seminal Vesicles-Produce seminal fluid which forms 60-70% of semen. The fluid activates the sperms and have fructose, citrate, inositol and proteins for nutrition of sperms.
¶ Prostate Gland: The gland secretes thin, milky and alkaline secretion which neutralises the acidic secretion in female vagina.
Cowper's Gland: (Bulbourethral gland)-helps in secretion of mucus which provides lubrication of urinogenital tract.
¶ Spermatogenesis: Process of formation of sperms in testis.
¶ Phases of Menstrual Cycle: Menstrual phase, Follicular (Proliferative) Phase, ovulatory phase and Luteal (secretory) phase.
¶ Site of fertilisation in human female: Ampullary region.
Secretion of acrosome helps the sperm entry into cytoplasm of ovum through zona pellucida and plasma membrane. Sperm entry induce the completion of the 2nd meiotic division of secondary oocyte.
¶ Placenta: An intimate connection between foetus and uterine wall of the mother to exchange materials.
¶ Function: Nutrition, Respiration, Excretion, as barrier, Endocrine function, shock absorber.
¶ Placenta as Endocrine tissue: Placenta Produces several hormones such as Estrogen, hCG, hPL, Progesterone.
In late phase of pregnancy-relaxin hormone is released by ovary. Progesterone is called 'Pregnancy hormone'.
¶ Embryonic Development: (at various month of pregnancy) After 1 month = Heart, 2 months Limbs and digits, 3 months External genital organ, 5 months First vement, 6 months body covered with fine hairs, eye lid, eye lashes, 9 months Fully developed and ready for delivery.


Location: India

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