CARBON AND IT'S COMPOUNDS

TYPE OF BONDING IN CARBON

Covalent Bond

•Carbon shares its valence electrons with other elements or other carbon atoms. 

•Single shared pair of electrons constitute single bond.

•Covalent compounds have low melting and  boiling points, and are poor conductors of  electricity.

TYPES OF COVALENT BONDS   

   1.  SINGLE COVALENT BOND       

2. DOUBLE COVALENT BOND

3. TRIPLE COVALENT BOND 

VERSATILE NATURE OF CARBON

• Catenation: Self-linking property of carbon atoms through covalent bonds to form long chains and rings. 

•Tetravalency: Since carbon has a valency of four, it is capable of making bonds with four other atoms of carbon or any other element.

 TYPES OF CARBON COMPOUNDS BASED ON SATURATION

1. Saturated Compounds

• Carbon compounds having only single bonds (called alkane) between the carbon atoms are called saturated carbon compounds.

• Examples: Methane, ethane, propane etc.

2. Unsaturated Compounds

• Carbon compounds having double bond (called alkene) or triple bond (called alkyne) between their carbon atoms.

• Examples: Ethene, ethyne, propene, propyne, etc.

TYPES OF CARBON COMPOUNDS BASED ON SKELETON

 

1. Straight Chain

    

2. Branched chain

 

3. Closed Chain (Ring)

                    

                       SOAPS AND DETERGENTS

• Soaps are sodium and potassium salts of long chain 

 (higher) fatty acids such as stearic acid, palmitic acid, etc.

• Detergents are ammonium or sulphonate saits of long chain hydrocarbons.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBON

1. Combustion

• Burn in oxygen to give carbon

 dioxide along with heat and light.

CH3CH₂OH + 30₂ → 2CO₂+ 3H₂O + Heat and light

2. Addition Reaction

• Unsaturated hydrocarbons add hydrogen in the presence of catalysts to give saturated hydrocarbons.

3. Oxidation

• Oxygen is added to the starting material by oxidising agents

                         Alk. KMnO4 + heat or,

CH₂CH₂OH-------------------------------------       

                      acidified K₂Cr₂O7 + heat

CH₂COOH

                      

4. Substitution Reaction

• One or more hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon are replaced by some other atoms.

PROPERTIES OF SOME CARBON COMPOUNDS

1. Ethanol

• Reaction with sodium

• Dehydration reaction

2. Ethanoic Acid

• Esterification reaction

• Saponification reaction

• Reaction with carbonates and hydrogencarbonates

• Reaction with a base

NaOH + CH,COOH→CH3COONa+ H₂O