CLASS 11TH BIOLOGY CHAPTER- 15 PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT NCERT QUICK REVISION NOTES FOR NEET AND CBSE EXAM
PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
¶ Differentiation: A biochemical or morphological change in meristemic cell (at root apex and shoot apex) to differentiate into permanent cell is called differentiation.
¶ Seed Germination: The seed germinates only when favourable conditions for growth exists in the environment. In absence of favourable conditions it goes into a period of suspended growth or rest, called dormancy.
¶ Abscission: Shedding of plant organs like leaves, flowers and fruits etc. from the mature plant.
¶ Apical dominance: Suppression of the growth of lateral buds in presence of apical bud.
¶ Dormancy: A period of suspended activity and growth usually associated with low metabolic rate. Some, seeds undergo a period of dormancy and can germinate only after dormancy period gets over.
¶ Phytochrome: A pigment, found in plants which control the light dependent developmental process.
¶ Phytohormone: Chemicals' secreted by plants in minute quantities which influence the physiological activities.
¶ Sensecene: The last phase of growth when metabolic activities decrease.
¶ Vernalisation : A method of promoting flowering by exposing the young plant to low temperature.
¶ Growth: An irreversible permanent increase in size, volume and weight of an organ or its parts or even of an individual.
¶ Quiescence: Non germination of a viable seed due to non-availability of proper environmental conditions.
¶ Vivipary : It is the germination of seed while it is still attached to the parent plant and is nourished by it. e.g., Rhizophora and Sonneratia. As the germinating seed forms a seedling. It all down into the mud due to increase in weights. In the mud, lateral roots develops for anchorage.
¶ Heterophylly: Occurrence of more than one type of leaves in plants e.g., larkspur, Coriander leaves of Juvenile plant are different in shape from mature plant.
¶ Bolting: Elongation of internodes prior to flowering in plants like Cabbage, Photoperiodism: Response of Plants to relative periods of day/night to induce flowering.
According to duration of exposure of plants to light, plants are divided in 3 categories:
1. Long Day Plants (LDP) Plants which need exposure to light for period exceeding critical duration e.g., wheat, rice, cucumber.
2. Short Day Plants (SDP) Plants that need exposure to light for period less than the critical length e.g., Cabbage.
3. Day Neutral Plants (DNP) There is no correlation between exposure to light duration & induction of flowering e.g., Tomato.
IAA - Indole acetic acid
NAA - Napththalene acetic acid
ABA - Abscisic acid
IBA - Indole-3 butyric acid
2.4D - 2.4 dichlorophenoxy acetic acid
PGR - Plant growth regulator
SEED DORMANCY AND QUIESCENCE
¶ Seed Dormancy It is the condition of seed when it is unable to germinate in spite of the availability of all environmental condi- tions suitable for germination.
¶ Quiescence The condition of a seed when it is unable to germinate because the conditions for germination are not available.
¶ Measurement of growth: Plant growth can be measured by a variety of ft parameters like increase in fresh weight, dry weight, length, area, volume and cell number.
¶ Phases of growth: The period of growth is generally divided into three phases, namely, meristematic, elongation and maturation.
(i) Meristematic zone : New cell produced by mitotic division at root-tip and shoot-tip thereby show increase in size. Cells are rich in protoplasm and nuclei.
(ii) Elongation zone: Zone of elongation lies just behind the meristematic zone and concerned with enlargement of cells.
(iii) Maturation zone: The portion lies proximal to the phase of elongation. The cells of this zone attain their maximum size in terms of wall thickning and protoplasmic modification.
¶ Growth rate : The increased growth per unit time is termed as growth rate. The growth rate shows an increase that may be arithmetic or geometrical.
SIGMOID GROWTH CURVE
¶ Lag phase: Growth is slow in initial stage.
¶ Log phase : Period of maximum growth
¶ Stationary phase: When the nutrients become limiting, growth slows down.
¶ Relative Growth: The growth per unit time as percentage of initial size.
¶ Dedifferentiation: The phenomenon of regeneration of permanent tissue to become meristematic is called dedifferentiation.
¶ Redifferentiation : Meristems/tissue are able to produces new cells that once again lose the capacity to divide but nature to perform specific functions.
CONDITIONS OR FACTORS INFLUENCING GROWTH
1. Nutrition
2. Availability of water
3. Temperature
4. Oxygen
5. Light
6. Gravity
7. Stress factors like minerals, water or temperature etc. Phytohormone or Plant Growth-Regulator
Growth promoting hormones: These are involved in growth promoting activities such as cell division, cell enlargement, flowering, fruiting and seed formation. e.g., Auxin, gibberellins, cytokinis.
Growth inhibitor : Involved in growth inhibiting activities such as dormancy and abscission. e.g., Abscisic acid and Ethylene.
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