CLASS 12TH BIOLOGY CHAPTER- 4 REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH NCERT QUICK REVISION NOTES FOR NEET AND CBSE EXAM
CHAPTER 4: REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
Amniocentesis: Diagnostic technique to detect chromosomal pattern in the foetus used to detect the genetic disorder and often misused to determine the sex
Need for reproductive health and prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs); birth control - need and methods, contraception i and medical termination of pregnancy (MTP); amniocentesis: infertility and assisted reproductive technologies-IVE, ZIFT, GIFT (elementary idea for general awareness).
of the foetus.
Sterilisation : A permanent method of birth control through surgery in male or female.
IUCD: Intra Uterine Contraceptive Device
RCH: Reproductive and Child Health care.
STD: Sexually Transmitted Disease
CDRI: Central Drug Research Institute
MMR: Maternal Mortality Rate
MTP: Medical Termination of Pregnancy
VD: Venereal Disease
RTI: Reproductive Tract Infection
PID: Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
ART: Assisted Reproductive Technologies
IVF: In Vitro Fertilisation.
ZIFT: Zygote Intra Fallopian Transfer
METHODS OF BIRTH CONTROL
(i) Natural Methods
• Periodic abstinence
• Coitus interruptus or withdrawl
• Lactational amenorrhea
(ii) Barrier Methods
• Condom
• Diaphragms
• Cervical cap
• vault
(iii) Intra Uterine Devices
• Non medicated (e.g. Lippes loop)
• Copper releasing (e.g., Cu-T, multiload 375)
• Hormone releasing (c.g. LNG-20, progestasert)
(iv) Oral contraceptives
• Pills/Saheli, Mala-D
• Small doses of either progestogens or Progestogen estrogen combination
(v) Injections
• Progestrone derivates given every three months.
(vi) Implants
• Synthetic progestrone patches are implanted under the skin. Prevents pregnancy upto 4 years.
(vii) Emergency pills
Must be taken within 72 hours of coitus. They have high concentration of progestrone and oestrogen which prevent. ovulation eg. I pill, unwanted-72 etc.
(viii) Surgical (Sterilisation)
(1) Tubectomy in females
(2) Vasectomy in male
MTP (MEDICAL TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY)
Voluntary or intentional abortion performed to end pregnancy before the completion of full term.
MTP is legalised:
¶ To abort unwanted pregnancies.
¶ If pregnancy is likely to produce a congenitally malformed child.
¶ Pregnancy leads due to failure of contraceptive or result of rape.
STD (SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES)
INFERTILITY:
Inability to produce children, inspite of unprotected sexual cohabitation of a couple is termed as infertility.
Reasons for Infertility
(i) Physical
(ii) Congential diseases
(iii) Drugs
(iv) Immunological reaction
The couple can be assisted to have children through certain special techniques commonly known as assisted reproductive technologies (ART).
(i) In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF): Fertilisation outside the body in almost similar conditions as that in the body, followed by embryo transfer
(E.T.). Test Tube baby Programme: Ova from the wife/donor female and sperm from husband/donor male are allowed to fuse under simulated condition in the laboratory.
ZIFT: Zygote intra fallopian transfer Zygote or early embryo upto eight blastomeres is transferred into the fallopian tube.
IUT : Intra Uterine Transfer Embryo with more than eight blasomeres are transferred.
(ii) Gamete intra fallopian transfer (GIFT): Transfer of an ovum collected from a donor to fallopian tube of another female who can not produce Iova, but can provide suitable conditions for fertilisation and further development of the foetus upto parturition.
(iii) Intra Cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI): The sperm is directly. injected into the ovum to form an embryo in the laboratory and then embryo transfer is carried out.
(iv) Artificial Insemination: This method is used in cases where infertility is due to the inability of the male partner to inseminate the female or due to very low sperm counts in the ejaculates. In this method, the semen collected from the husband or a healthy donor is artificially introduced into the vagina or into the uterus (IUI-Intra uterine insemination).
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